Mary Fields (c. 1832–1914),[1][2] also known as Stagecoach Mary and Black Mary, was the first African-American woman star route mail carrier in the United States.[3][4] She was not an employee of the United States Post Office. The Post Office Department did not hire or employ mail carriers for star routes; it awarded star route contracts to persons who proposed the lowest qualified bids, and who in accordance with the Department’s application process posted bonds and sureties to substantiate their ability to finance the route. Once a contract was obtained, the contractor could then drive the route themselves, sublet the route, or hire an experienced driver. Some individuals obtained multiple star route contracts and conducted the operations as a business.[3]
Fields obtained the star route contract for the delivery of U. S. mail from Cascade, Montana to Saint Peter's Mission in 1885. She drove the route with horse and wagon, not a stagecoach, for two four-year contracts: from 1885 to 1889 and from 1889 to 1893. Author Miantae Metcalf McConnell provided documentation discovered during her research about Mary Fields to the United States Postal Service Archives Historian in 2006. This enabled USPS to establish Mary Fields' contribution as the first African American woman star route mail carrier in the United States.[4]
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Anton Wilhelm Amo or Anthony William Amo (c.
1703 – c. 1759) was an African from what is now Ghana, who became a
respected philosopher and teacher at the universities of Halle and Jena in Germany after
studying there. Brought to Germany by the Dutch West India Company in 1707 as a
child, and given as a gift to the Dukes of August Wilhelm and Ludwig Rudolf von
Wolfenbuttel,[1]
he was treated as a member of the family of Anthony Ulrich, Duke of
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, he was the first African known to have attended a European university.
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